What is APA Referencing Style?

APA referencing style is one of the styles of documentation of sources and published by the American Psychological Association (APA). APA is a writing format and style, which is used for academic papers such as books and journal articles. Here, one point should be remembered this style is especially used for citing real sources within the field of social and behavioral sciences.

Why is Academic Citation Important?

Academic referencing and academic citing acknowledge the sources used by authors in their manuscripts. It necessitates the linkage of citations to the list of works cited in a paper. It also gives credit to the sources of information used in the manuscript. 

Whether it is about writing a book or other academic documents, you first need to learn how to use APA referencing style and format. With the help of citations, readers can easily understand the messages conveyed in an article. Moreover, the citation also helps you clarify things in a book or article.

Without proper citations, your practice might lead to unintentional plagiarism. The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) clearly highlights that plagiarism is a criminal offense. According to the ORI, plagiarism is considered both the theft or misappropriation of intellectual property and the substantial unattributed textual copying of another’s work.

Publication of an author’s previous work as if it was a newly published one or the use of some of the previous paragraphs of an author without showing any references in the new manuscript are considered the most common types of plagiarism. To see five practical ways to avoid plagiarism, click here.

Without any doubt, you would always like to make your research paper as much authentic as possible. So, you need to learn how to use APA referencing style for writing books and journal articles.

The APA format primarily consists of in-text citation and reference list entry.

APA Format In-Text Citations

APA format in-text citations, which are also called parenthetical citations, are included in the sentence where the information is used. These citations are presented after the quote or paraphrase another work. In-text citations should include the author(s)’ last name(s) and the year of publication only as presented in the following example:

• (Freud, 1923) or (Williams & Robin, 2012).

This format identifies and enables readers to locate the full source in the list of references. The in-text citation is a method to present to your target groups where the original idea came from and give credit to the original work. With this, readers understand that you are not the first writer who started the idea. Also, it enables your target group to understand how dated the information may be and allows authors to show that they are using others’ ideas to create a new one. The APA format requires the inclusion of the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication in in-text citations. However, when you need to directly quote a source, you should also include the page number(s) (preceded by “p.”).

How to Cite One or Two Authors in the APA Style

Articles with one or two authors include all names in every text citation. Here are some useful examples of in-text citations:

• According to a study… (William, 2001).

For direct quotation:

• (William, 2001, pp. 23–27).

If the author’s last name of the author is given in the sentence, always place the year in parentheses immediately after the name.

• (Mason, 2001).

• Mason’s (2001) study shows that

How to Cite Multiple Authors and Use et al. in the APA Style

When you have two authors, you must separate their last names with an ampersand (&), not with an ‘and.’

APA 6th edition requires separate authors’ last names using commas when you have three or more authors. The last two authors’ last names should be separated by both a comma and an ampersand (in a citation) or “and” (in the running text). Thus, it requires using the word “and” between the authors’ last names within the text and use the ampersand in parentheses. However, this rule has been changed with the 7^th edition of the APA Publication Manual.

In APA style, using “et al.,” which is determined by the number of authors and whether it is the first time a reference has been cited in the paper is also important because citing a source with three-five authors takes up a lot of space in the text. Thus, the APA 6th edition needed us to abbreviate the references when using the source for subsequent citations. In such a case, it requires using “et al.,” which means “and others.” Its usage is determined by the number of authors in a particular source and whether it is the first time a reference has been cited in your study. In this way, you do not have to write all the authors’ last names.

In October 2019, the American Psychological Association (APA) introduced the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual, which replaces the 6^th edition published in 2009. The in-intext citation for works with three or more authors is now abbreviated right from the first citation. You only include the first author’s name and “et al.”

 

To see how and when to use ‘et al.’ in APA in-text citations in detail, click  here.

Reference List Entry

Reference list entry requires listing full publication details alphabetically on the bibliography page, which appears right after the main text. The reference provides all the information that is essential to locate the sources cited in the text.

An APA style reference list or bibliography includes a complete list of references used in the manuscript, including the author(s) name(s), date of publication, and title, among other important information.

• A reference list in APA style should start on a new page at the end of the main text.

• A reference list in APA style should include all the references used in the in-text citations.

• The list should be alphabetically ordered by the name of the first author or by the title of the sources with no author

• When there are multiple works by the same author, they are ordered by the year of publication; if the studies are in the same year, they are ordered alphabetically by the title and are allocated a letter (i.e., a, b, c) after the year of publication.

Note that the APA style reference format varies depending on the type of source such as an article in a journal, an article in a periodical, book, book section, conference proceedings, and document from a website.

General Format for Reference List in the APA Style

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication). Title of the book.  Publishing Company.

(Important note: The APA 7th edition, unlike the 6th edition, edition requires writing the name of the publisher only; therefore, no location information is required).

Book by one author (book titles should be italicized):

Wan, T.H. (2002). Evidence-based health-care management. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Book by two authors (book titles should be italicized):

Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. (2012). Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity, and poverty.  The Crown Publishing Group.

How to List More Than One Author in Reference List

APA 7th edition requires including all authors up to and including 20. For 21 or more authors, the first 19 authors should be listed and then the last author. In APA 6th edition, all authors should be listed for 2–7 authors, and the first 6 authors should be listed for 8 or more authors then the last author.

How to Cite the Place of Publishers in the APA 7th Edition

• The APA 6th edition required authors to include the publisher’s place when you cite from a print book. The city and state should be included for US-based publishers, the city and country for publishers anywhere else.

• However, an update comes with the APA 7th edition. It requires writing the name of the publisher only; therefore, no location information is required.

• Also, if there is more than one publisher, APA 7th requires listing them all in the order that they appear, separated by a semicolon. According to APA 6th edition, if there is more than one publisher, the first publisher should be listed only.

Article in a Journal (Journal names should be italicized):

• Aneshensel, C.S., Rutter, C.M., & Lachenbruch, P.A. (1991). Social structure, stress, and mental health: Competing conceptual and analytic models. American Sociological Review. 56:166-178.

• The APA 7th edition requires including the issue number for all journals that have issue numbers.

• Also, retrieved from is no longer required. (This applies to all online resources unless a retrieval date is needed).

How to Cite a Website/Webpage?

A web page in APA style is written in this order, in parentheses:

• (Year, Month Day). 

If the webpage names an individual author in APA style, cite their name first:

• Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL

If the online resource was written by a group or organization, the name of the group or organization should be used as the author. Also, when the author’s and website’s names are the same, omit the website name from the citation:

• Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL

When the webpage’s author is not listed, start with the title instead. Besides, add a retrieval date when the page’s content is likely to change over time:

• Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

The website in the reference list should not be italicized.

• DeCoster, J. (2020, January 6). Overview of factor analysis. Retrieved from http://www.stat-help.com/notes.html

APA 7th edition: Citing web pages: URLs are no longer preceded by ‘‘Retrieved from’’

• With the APA Manual 7th edition, URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved from,” unless a retrieval date is needed.

• The website name is included (unless it’s the same as the author).

• Web page titles are italicized.

APA 6th edition	Bologna, C. (2019, October 31). Why some people with anxiety love watching horror movies. HuffPost. Retrieved from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/anxiety-love-watching-horror-movies_l_5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e
APA 7th edition	Bologna, C. (2019, October 31). Why some people with anxiety love watching horror movies. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/anxiety-love-watching-horror-movies_l_5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e

How to Cite Organizations in the APA Style

When a reference is published by an organization, the institution’s name should be cited as the author. Type out the full organization name for the reference list.  

First citation:

• The new version of the manual indicates that… (the American Psychological Association [APA], 2014). 

Subsequent citations:

• Furthermore, the same version suggests… (APA, 2014). 

How to Manage Multiple Works in One Citation in the APA Style

Cite multiple sources in the same parentheses and place the citations in alphabetical order, separating them with semicolons. 

• Several studies showed that … (Acemoglu & Robinson, 2012; Adams et al.,2003, Mason, 1998; Wan 2001)

Multiple Studies by the Same Author 

Arrange two or more studies by the same authors by year of publication. Add alphabetic designators to the year of publication in both the in-text citation and reference list.

• (Mason, 2003a, 2003b).

For studies published in different years by the same author, place the years of publication in a chronological sequence separated by commas.

• (Williams, 2012, 2013).

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For more information about the citation styles and APA style, read the following articles: 

• The 9 Most Important Changes in the 7th Edition of the APA Manual

• APA Manual 7th Edition: In-Text Citation

• How to Present Tables and Figures in APA Style (7th edition)

• How to Use et al. in APA Style (7th Edition)?

• APA Style: In-Text Citation | Reference List Entry

• How to Cite Sources in APA Referencing Style? | With APA 7th Edition Update

• How and When to Use ”et al.” in APA In-Text Citations?

• Citation Styles | Which Citation Style Should I Use?

• APA Formatting Guide for Academic Manuscripts

This article discusses APA citation style with a brief guide showing how to format a manuscript in APA style. To give you an opportunity to practice proofreading, we have left a few spelling, punctuation, or grammatical errors in the text. See if you can spot them! If you spot the errors correctly, you will be entitled to a 10% discount.